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HOME > Protocols > Reference Material > Restriction Enzyme Sources
For more information on specific restriction enzymes (incubation temperature, heat inactivation, etc.) or restriction enzyme sources (biohazard level, human health implications, etc.) please check our restriction enzyme listing, or click on the bacteria name in the table below.
Name
Description
Acetobacter aceti Acetobacter aceti is Gram stain negative, aerobic and motile with peritrichous flagella. Acetobacter aceti is a common contaminant in all industrial fermentation facilities and is responsible for generating turbidity, ropiness, discoloration, and off-flavors in beer.
Acetobacter pasteurianus Acetobacter pasteurianus is Gram stain negative and aerobic. Acetobacter pasteurianus is used to make various types of vinegars. Alcohol is first formed by yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and the ‘must’ is then inoculated with acetic acid bacteria (A. pasteurianus).
Acidiphilium organovorum Acidiphilium organovorum is Gram stain negative and aerobic. Acidiphilium organovorum is an acidophilic heterotroph isolated from a Thiobacillus ferrooxidans culture.
Acidocella facilis Acidocella facilis is Gram stain negative and aerobic. Acidocella facilis is commonly found in association with Thiobacillus ferrooxidans in acidic environments where ore deposits are present.
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus Acinetobacter calcoaceticus is Gram stain negative, aerobic, and non-motile. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus has been investigated for use in crude oil cleanup.
Acinetobacter johnsonii Acinetobacter johnsonii is Gram stain negative, aerobic, and non-motile.
Acinetobacter lwoffii Acinetobacter lwoffii is Gram stain negative, aerobic, and non-motile. Acinetobacter lwoffii has been more commonly associated with meningitis than other Acinetobacter species.
Actinobacillus suis Actinobacillus suis is Gram stain negative and aerobic. Actinobacillus suis is an opportunistic pathogen of conventionally reared swine that can cause disease following stress.
Aeromonas caviae Aeromonas caviae is a gram negative, motile, facultative anaerobe. Aeromonas caviae is of concern as a food borne illness.
Aeromonas hydrophila Aeromonas hydrophila is a gram negative, motile, facultative anaerobe. Aeromonas hydrophila is a species of bacterium that is present in all freshwater environments and in brackish water.
Aeropyrum pernix Aeropyrum pernix is Gram stain negative, aerobic, and non-motile. Aeropyrum pernix is a hyperthermophilic archaeon that grows at temperatures up to 100oC.
Alcaligenes denitrificans Alcaligenes denitrificans is Gram stain negative and aerobic but is capable of. anaerobic growth by denitrification.
Alcaligenes faecalis Alcaligenes faecalis is Gram stain negative, aerobic, and motile. Alcaligenes faecalis has been used for the production of non-standard amino acids.
Alteromonas macleodii Alteromonas macleodii is Gram stain negative and motile. A subspecies of Alteromonas macleodii has been reported to secrete a high-molecular-weight polysaccharide in culture. This exopolysaccharide has similarities to xanthan, another bacterial polysaccharide of industrial interest.
Anabaena cylindrica Anabaena cylindrica is aerobic and motile via gliding motility. Hydrogen production by Anabaena cylindrica is being investigated for the development of a biophotolysis system.
Anabaena flos-aquae Anabaena flos-aquae is aerobic and motile via gliding motility. Anabaena flos-aquae has been investigated for production of intracellular gas vesicles as potential oxygen microcarriers.
Anabaena variabilis Anabaena variabilis is aerobic and motile via gliding motility. Anabaena variabilis is being investigated for the production of hydrogen.
Aquaspirillum serpens Aquaspirillum serpens is Gram stain negative, aerobic, and motile. Aquaspirillum serpens is used a number of early educational settings.
Arthrobacter aurescens Arthrobacter aurescens is Gram stain positive and aerobic. Strains of Arthrobacter aurescens have been shown to metabolize s-triazine compounds, which are are common starting materials for the synthesis of pesticides, plastic resins, dyes, and explosives. Thus, they have potential importance in bioremediation.
Arthrobacter citreus Arthrobacter citreus is Gram stain positive, aerobic, and motile. Arthrobacter citreus Has been shown to metabolize gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma-HCH).
Arthrobacter luteus Arthrobacter luteus is Gram stain positive and aerobic.
Arthrobacter protophormiae Arthrobacter protophormiae is Gram stain positive, aerobic, and non-motile. Arthrobacter protophormiae is used for the bioremediation of chlorinated and nitroaromatic pesticides
Avibacterium paragallinarum Avibacterium paragallinarum is Gram stain negative and is pathogenic to chickens and other birds.
Bacillus aquaemaris Bacillus aquaemaris is gram postive and was isolated from seawater of a tidal flat of the Yellow Sea in Korea.
Bacillus caldolyticus Bacillus caldolyticus is gram positve and aerobic. Cold-shock proteins from Bacillus caldolyticus may have some industrial applications.
Bacillus cereus Bacillus cereus is positive, motile, facultative anaerobe. Bacillus cereus spores are widespread and multiplication has been observed primarily in foods.
Bacillus circulans Bacillus circulans is Gram stain positive, aerobic, and has variable motility. Bacillus circulans is used for producing L-glutamic acid.
Bacillus coagulans Bacillus coagulans is a gram positive, motile, facultative anaerobe. Bacillus coagulans is an acid-tolerant and heat-resistant microbes that can spoil acidic foods.
Bacillus firmus Bacillus firmus is Gram stain positive, aerobic, and motile. Bacillus firmus is a phyto-hormone producing and phosphate solublizing bacteria.
Bacillus fusiformis Bacillus fusiformis is Gram stain positive, aerobic, and motile.
Bacillus globigii Bacillus globigii is Gram stain positive and is a common soil and water saprophyte.
Bacillus lentus Bacillus lentus is Gram stain positive, aerobic, and produces a commercially important alkaline protease.
Bacillus licheniformis Bacillus licheniformis is Gram stain positive, motile, facultative anaerobe. Bacillus licheniformis produces bacitracin.
Bacillus megaterium Bacillus megaterium is Gram stain positive, aerobic, and motile. Bacillus megaterium produces penicillin amidase for constructing penicillins, enzymes for modifying corticosteroids, and several amino acid dehydrogenases.
Bacillus mycoides Bacillus mycoides is Gram stain positive, aerobic, and motile. Bacillus mycoides is nearing the market as a biological pesticide.
Bacillus pumilus Bacillus pumilus is Gram stain positive, aerobic, and motile. Bacillus pumilus is used for alkaline protease production, in environmental decontamination of dioxins, and in the baking industry.
Bacillus schlegelii Bacillus schlegelii is Gram stain positive and aerobic. Bacillus schlegelii can be isolated from lake mud in Switzerland and also from geothermally heated antarctic soil.
Bacillus sphaericus Bacillus sphaericus is Gram stain positive, aerobic, and motile. Bacillus sphaericus based insecticides are available.
Bacillus subtilis Bacillus subtilis is Gram stain positive, aerobic, and motile. Bacillus subtilis is one of the most widely used bacteria for the production of enzymes and specialty chemicals. Industrial applications include production of amylase, protease, inosine, ribosides, and amino acids.
Bacteroides caccae Bacteroides caccae is Gram stain negative and aerobic. Bacteroides caccae was isolated from human feces.
Bacteroides fragilis Bacteroides fragilis is Gram stain negative, aerobic, and non-motile. It has been reported that thirty to fifty percent of fecal matter is Bacteroides fragilis.
Bifidobacterium breve Bifidobacterium breve is Gram stain positive, aerobic, and non-motile. Bifidobacteria including Bifidobacterium breve have been used as probiotics.
Brevibacillus brevis Brevibacillus brevis is Gram stain positive and aerobic. Brevibacillus brevis is being investigated for use as a biocontrol agent.
Brevibacillus centrosporus Brevibacillus centrosporus is Gram stain positive and was reclassified from Bacillus centrosporus.
Brevibacillus laterosporus Brevibacillus laterosporus is Gram stain positive and aerobic. Brevibacillus laterosporus has toxicity for larvae of the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi, and Culex pipiens.
Brevibacterium linens Brevibacterium linens is Gram stain positive, aerobic and non-motile. Brevibacterium linens is a surface microorganism that is important in chesse production and is present in the smear of surface-ripened cheeses.
Brevundimonas diminuta Brevundimonas diminuta is Gram stain negative, aerobic and motile. Brevundimonas diminuta is commonly used as a test organism for the efficiency of water filters due to the small size of the bacterium (1/3 the size of the size of the EPA bacteria test organism).
Brevundimonas vesicularis Brevundimonas vesicularis is Gram stain negative, aerobic and motile. Brevundimonas vesicularis has been associated with slime deposits on machines in paper mills.
Caryophanon latum Caryophanon latum is Gram stain positive, anaerobic, and motile. Caryophanon latum is commonly isolated from bovine feces.
Chryseobacterium balustinum Chryseobacterium balustinum is a gram negative facultative anaerobe. Chryseobacterium balustinum was reclassified from Flavobacterium balustinum.
Citrobacter freundii Citrobacter freundii is Gram stain negative, aerobic, and motile (most). Citrobacter freundii has been investigated for biodegradation of tannic acid (used in tannerys).
Clostridium acetobutylicum Clostridium acetobutylicum is Gram stain positive, anaerobic, and motile. Clostridium acetobutylicum is used in the production of acetone and butanol in fermentation systems using maize mash, molasses, or other feedstocks.
Clostridium formicoaceticum Clostridium formicoaceticum is Gram stain positive and anaerobic. Clostridium formicoaceticum metabolises aromatic aldehydes.
Clostridium sporogenes Clostridium sporogenes is Gram stain positive, anaerobic, and motile. Clostridium sporogenes is the organism most frequently used for conducting inoculated pack studies in low acid foods.
Coccochloris elabens Coccochloris elabens is aerobic and non-motile.
Corynebacterium flavescens Corynebacterium flavescens is Gram stain positive and aerobic. Corynebacterium flavescens can be isolated from chesse.
Corynebacterium variabile Corynebacterium variablile is a gram positive facultative anaerobe. Corynebacterium variablile is sometimes used to spray smear chesses for ripening.
Curtobacterium albidum Curtobacterium albidum is Gram stain positive and aerobic. Curtobacterium albidum was reclassified from Brevibacterium albidum.
Curtobacterium citreum Curtobacterium citreum is Gram stain positive and aerobic. Curtobacterium citreum has been isolated from plants but it is not a plant pathogen.

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